In this context, I recommend the book "Footsteps of the Messiah" by Fruchtenbaum.
He has correctly listed the five eclipses with parallel passages and chronological classifications. The first of the five eclipses for the time before the great tribulation is announced in Joel 2:31. Here, the “day of the Lord” is mentioned, which is always a reference to the great tribulation. The first eclipse is to occur before that. Anyone who reads the book of Joel from beginning to end will recognize a chronological sequence. For me, there is no doubt that this takes place before the tribulation.
Here are the portions of Footsteps that address Joel 2:31:
From Footsteps of the Messiah, by Arnold Fruchtenbaum (latest revision)
Pg 129-130: While some of the events stated to be pretribulational can be placed in a chronological order, others cannot be placed in any sequence until they occur. One of these is the rapture, which will be discussed in a later chapter. This chapter will be concerned with other pretribulational events that cannot, at this time, be placed in any sequential order.
A. Blackout I
The Scriptures predict five blackouts that will occur during the end time period, including the last days of the church age and the tribulation. When the Bible speaks of a blackout, it means that the light of the sun, moon, and stars is suddenly blocked so that the earth is in total darkness.
The blackouts in the end times will be similar to what happened during the ninth plague in Egypt, described in Exodus 10:21-23:
21 And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch out your hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt. 22 And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days; 23 they saw not one another, neither rose any one from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.
Another example of such a blackout is Matthew 27:45: Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land until the ninth hour. During the last three hours of Yeshua’s sacrificial death on the cross, darkness struck the land.
The first of the five end-time blackouts is prophesied by Joel 2:31 to occur before the tribulation: The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of Jehovah comes. Again, the term “the day of Jehovah” is used as a name for the tribulation. Joel clearly puts the first blackout before the tribulation, saying that it will strike the whole world.
Pg 333-334: The pleading of Israel for the Messiah to return will not be confined to the Jews of Bozrah, but will include the Jews still in Jerusalem. It will begin with the confession of the national sin, and then the people will plead for Yeshua’s return to save them from the troubles described in the preceding context. They plead for the One whom they have pierced. This will be the result of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit (12:10), Israel’s mourning for the Messiah (12:11-14), and the cleansing of her sins (13:1).
Another prophecy of this event is in Joel 2:28-32:
28 And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: 29 and also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my Spirit. 30 And I will show wonders in the heavens and in the earth: blood, and fire, and pillars of smoke. 31 The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of Jehovah comes. 32 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of Jehovah shall be delivered; for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem there shall be those that escape, as Jehovah has said, and among the remnant those whom Jehovah does call.
Regeneration is the work of the Holy Spirit, and here the nation of Israel will be regenerated because of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on them, creating some dramatic manifestations in their midst (vv. 28-29). This will be accompanied by wonders in the heavens as well (vv. 30-31). The result is that the Jews of Jerusalem and the remnant of Bozrah will be delivered and escape (v. 32).
Pg 409-411: That this regeneration of Israel will be a result of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit is the point of Joel 2:28-32:
28 And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: 29 and also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my Spirit. 30 And I will show wonders in the heavens and in the earth: blood, and fire, and pillars of smoke. 31 The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of Jehovah comes. 32 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of Jehovah shall be delivered; for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem there shall be those that escape, as Jehovah has said, and among the remnant those whom Jehovah does call.
Once the Holy Spirit is poured out on all Israel, then the people will call upon the name of the Lord. God will respond by delivering and saving them.
The national regeneration of Israel will result in the total forgiveness of her sins, according to Micah 7:18-20:
18 Who is a God like unto you, that pardons iniquity, and passes over the transgression of the remnant of his heritage? he retains not his anger for ever, because he delights in loving kindness. 19 He will again have compassion upon us; he will tread our iniquities under foot; and you will cast all their sins into the depths of the sea. 20 You will perform the truth to Jacob, and the loving kindness to Abraham, which you have sworn unto our fathers from the days of old.
God’s loyal love for the Chosen People will cause Him to pardon and to pass over the sins of Israel when He returns to them in all compassion (vv. 18-19). He will do so on the basis of the Abrahamic Covenant (v. 20), especially as it is developed in the salvation aspect of the New Covenant.
Another prophecy that speaks of Israel’s regeneration is Zephaniah 3:9-13:
9 For then will I turn to the peoples a pure language, that they may all call upon the name of Jehovah, to serve him with one consent. 10 From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia my suppliants, even the daughter of my dispersed, shall bring my offering. 11 In that day shall you not be put to shame for all your doings, wherein you have transgressed against me; for then I will take away out of the midst of you your proudly exulting ones, and you shall no more be haughty in my holy mountain. 12 But I will leave in the midst of you an afflicted and poor people, and they shall take refuge in the name of Jehovah. 13 The remnant of Israel shall not do iniquity, nor speak lies; neither shall a deceitful tongue be found in their mouth; for they shall feed and lie down, and none shall make them afraid.
Throughout the dispersion, the Jews will begin to call upon the name of the Lord. It is important to note that regardless of where they are, the Jewish people will respond, so that the regeneration will indeed be total.
One final passage is Romans 11:25-27:
25 For I would not, brethren, have you ignorant of this mystery, lest ye be wise in your own conceits, that a hardening in part has befallen Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in; 26 and so all Israel shall be saved: even as it is written, There shall come out of Zion the Deliverer; He shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob: 27 And this is my covenant unto them, When I shall take away their sins.
As Paul concluded his lengthy treatment of the place of Israel in the program of God, he pointed out that the present blindness and hardening of Israel is not permanent. It is temporary, until the full number of Gentiles preordained for the body of the Messiah is reached (v. 25). It is then that the hardening of Israel will be removed, and all Jewish people living at that time will be saved (vv. 26-27).
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The first blackout takes place before Tribulation.
The National regeneration of Israel occurs just before the end of Tribulation.